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98.Greenhouses in the sky
太空培育植物
Radiation and microgravity may give rise to better crops
Plants grown in orbit, and thereby deprived of the comforting directional pull of Earth’s gravity, typically struggle to distinguish up from down. This makes it harder for them to carry water and nutrients around themselves. It also fouls up their ability to draw carbon dioxide needed for photosynthesis from the air. The stress caused by all this seems to increase the level of genetic mutation induced by a given amount of radiation—of which there is much in space, in the form of cosmic rays and effluvia from the sun. And mutations are the lifeblood of plant breeders.
On Earth, breeders induce them by exposing plants and seeds to radioactive isotopes, x-rays and so on. Most are harmful.But some hit the jackpot, conferring properties like drought resistance, blight resistance or shorter stems, favoured by farmers, and sweeter flavours, brighter colours or thinner peel, favoured by consumers. Plucked from their progenitors by selective breeding and added to cultivars, such mutations are worth millions. Mutagenesis, then, is an important business.
And it is one that StarLab Oasis, a firm in Abu Dhabi that was spun out of a Texan enterprise called Nanoracks in 2021, reckons it may be able to perform better. As the firm’s name hints, the plan is to do the job using the natural radiation of space. Its researchers intend to start sending payloads of seeds to the International Space Station (iss) later this year. Once there, those seeds will be cultivated by astronauts on board the station and allowed to grow and breed.
Subsequent generations of seeds resulting from this breeding will be returned to Earth and germinated in StarLab Oasis’s greenhouses. They will then be subjected to ills including drought, pathogens, poor soil, excessive heat and voracious insects. Those which best endure these assaults will be bred from in their turn, in the hope hat something valuable emerges
A cut-down version of this approach, launching packets of seeds on satellites and returning them to Earth after a period of exposure to cosmic radiation, has had some success. China says it has conducted more than 30 such missions, and that these have yielded at least 200 improved crop varieties. StarLab Oasis’s boss, Allen Herbert, believes, however, that his firm is the first private organisation set up to take this route and, in particular, actually to raise plants in space for the purpose
Mutagenesis is not, moreover, the only facility offered by space which may be of interest to botanists. The stress responses themselves also yield useful information.
Robert Ferl and Anna-Lisa Paul are joint heads of the Space Plants Lab at the University of Florida, Gainesville, which already has experiments on board the iss. These are studying how Arabidopsis thaliana, a species of cress that is botany’s equivalent of animal scientists’ mice and fruit flies, responds to the rigours of orbital free fall. The answer is that the plants switch on some genes which would normally remain dormant, while switching off others that would normally be active
In particular, as Dr Ferl, Dr Paul and their colleagues have found, spacefaring specimens frequently divert resources away from tasks, such as strengthening the rigidity of cell walls, which are less pertinent when the directional pull of gravity is missing. Conversely, in a bid better to determine which way is “up”, they become more sensitive to light. As Dr Paul puts it, plants “reach into their metabolic toolbox” to cope with the unusual stress. In doing so they pull out tools that may be used rarely on Earth, but which plant breeders might be able to deploy in advantageous ways by improving gas exchange, inducing better root growth or reducing stem size.
The iss will not, though, last for ever. And Nanoracks is involved in a proposal to replace it. As the name of its progeny in Abu Dhabi also suggests, this is Starlab, a putative crewed space station planned by a group led by Lockheed Martin.
Starlab is intended to be a commercial enterprise, with plant breeding as one of its sources of revenue. It is not planned to go into orbit until 2027, and the schedule for such projects is in any case almost always optimistic. But if it does get off the ground, the idea that one of its modules might, in effect, be a plant-growing annex to the main living space, akin to a conservatory on Earth, has a pleasing domesticity to it. Perhaps the crew will relax there after a hard day’s work.
radiation [ˌreɪdiˈeɪʃn] n. 射线，放射
microgravity n. 微重力
give rise to 引起 (to cause sth)
(trigger/cause/lead to)
(The technological advances gave rise to the popularity of online shopping.)
1.
orbit n. 轨道
thereby adv. 因此，从而 (as a result of this action)
(By 1658, they had permanently expelled the Portuguese from the island,
thereby gaining control of the lucrative cinnamon trade.)
deprive of 剥夺，使失去
(The loss of linguistic diversity may also deprive us of different ways of looking at the world.)
distinguish v. 区分，辨别，分辨
(Women and men were able to distinguish by smell alone clothing worn by their marriage
partners from similar clothing worn by other people.)
foul [faʊl] adj. 难闻的；恶心的；粗俗的；暴躁的；恶劣的 (extremely unpleasant)
(Why are you in such a foul mood this morning?)
(It smells foul.)
foul up 搞砸
photosynthesis [ˌfoʊtoʊˈsɪnθəsɪs] n. 光合作用
mutation n. 突变
induce v. 引诱(to persuade sb to do sth)；引起，导致(to cause sth)
cosmic adj. 宇宙的
effluvium [eˈflʊvɪəm] n. 臭气
lifeblood n. 命脉
(Tourism is the lifeblood of Hawaii’s economy.)
breeder n. 饲养者
2.
isotope [ˈaɪsətoʊp] n. 同位素
hit the jackpot 中大奖，中头彩
confer [kənˈfɜːr] v. 授予
resistance n. 抵抗；阻力； 抵抗 (resist v. resistant adj. )
(Pesticides have contributed to the emergence of a new breed of chemical-resistant, highly lethal superbugs.)
blight n. 枯萎病
stem n. 茎
pluck v. 采摘
progenitor [proʊˈdʒenɪtər] n. 祖先，起源
cultivar [ˈkʌltɪvɑːr] n. 培育品种
mutagenesis [ˌmjʊtəˈdʒenəsɪs] n. 诱变
3.
spin v. 旋转
reckon v. 认为(to think or believe)
(He reckons the forthcoming field tests will be the turning point.)
(-Can you fix my car today? -I reckon not/so.)
hint v. 暗示，示意； n. 暗示，提示，征兆
payload n. 负载(the amount of good or people that a vehicle can carry)
cultivate v. 种植； 培养
(Most of the land there is too poor to cultivate.)
(We’re trying to help these kids cultivate an interest in science.)
on board 在(车/船/飞机)上
4.
germinate v. 发芽
be subjected to 经受，遭受，收到
pathogen [ˈpæθədʒən] n. 病菌，病原体
excessive adj. 过度的，过多的(too much) (excess n. exceed v.)
(Excessive exercise can sometimes cause health problems.)
voracious [vəˈreɪʃəs] adj. 贪婪的，贪吃的；如饥似渴的 (very eager for sth)
endure v. 忍受(to suffer sth difficult, unpleasant, or painful);
持久(to continue to exist for a long time)
(enduring adj. 持久的 endurance n. 耐力)
(She’s already had to endure three painful operations on her leg.)
(Some exercises are designed to build up strength or endurance.)
5.
cut down 减少
(The supermarket chain has promised to cut down on packaging.)
yield [jiːld] v. 产生(to produce sth positive such as a profit, food)；
n. 产量；收益
(The experiments yielded some surprising results.)
(Crop yields have risen steadily.)
variety n. 多样化; 种类，品种
6.
be of interest 有兴趣的，感兴趣的
botanist [ˈbɑːtənɪst] n. 植物学家
7.
Arabidopsis thaliana 拟南芥菜
cress n. 水芹
botany n. 植物学
equivalent adj. 等同的； n. 对等的人/物
(Rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes.)
(There is no English equivalent for ‘bon appetit’ so we have adopted the French expression.)
rigour n. 严酷，艰苦
(They survived the rigours of the winter.)
switch on/off 打开/关上 (switch 开关)
dormant adj. 休眠的
8.
spacefaring n. 太空飞行
specimen [ˈspesɪmən] n. 样品，标本，样本
(He has a collection of rare insect specimens.)
(They took blood and urine specimens for analysis.)
divert v. 使转向(to cause sth or sb to change direction)；分散，转移；
改变用途(to use sth for a different purpose)
rigidity [rɪˈdʒɪdəti] n. 硬度
pertinent [ˈpɜːrtnənt] adj. 相关的
conversely adv. 相反地
bid n. 努力尝试
metabolic [ˌmetəˈbɑːlɪk] adj. 新陈代谢的
deploy v. 利用
9.
progeny [ˈprɑːdʒəni] n. 子孙，后代
putative [ˈpjuːtətɪv] adj. 假定的，假设的
10.
get off the ground 开始(to start)
annex [ˈæneks] n. 附属建筑
akin to [əˈkɪn] 类似
conservatory [kənˈsɜːrvətɔːri] n. 温室
domesticity n. 家庭生活
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