最近在B站发现一个精品外刊学习和解析的博主【妈妈不用担心我的英语】，分享的雅思外刊非常棒，对于要考雅思或者考研的人来说是一个非常不错提升英语阅读的渠道，但是提供的外刊文章都是PDF格式的，布局排版不大好打印，这里将文章摘抄到Word文档并重新排版方便打印【文档下载链接在末尾查看下载】
105. In Defense of Online Anonymity
（网络匿名）
第一段 网络匿名制的好坏以及作者的观点
第二段 匿名制对网络交易的好处
第三段 研究调查支持第二段的观点
第四段 研究Airbnb的结论
第五段 Airbnb对此做出的回应和行动
第六段 匿名制对招聘者的益处
第七段 匿名制能够让网络购物者发表更加诚实的评价
第八段 匿名制对求职者分享信息的影响
第九段 匿名制的应用要谨慎、避免不良影响
第十段 公司、政策制定者、用户都应该思考匿名制的使用
Anonymity on the internet has gotten a bad rap lately, and for good reason. The shield of anonymity has contributed to a toxic online ecosystem that is too often marred by cyberbullying, misinformation and other social ills. Removing anonymity has the potential to foster accountability and trust. This is not lost on tech executives, some of whom have enthusiastically advocated the removal of anonymity over the past decade. As early as 2010, Facebook’s marketing director argued that “online anonymity has to go away.” Airbnb CEO Brian Chesky echoed this sentiment in a 2013 interview, arguing that “When you remove anonymity, it brings out the best in people.”
But this overlooks an important fact: The internet needs some anonymity. To see why, consider the evolution of online marketplaces. Early marketplaces like eBay enabled arm’s-length transactions between buyers and sellers with a platform in the middle. This led to gains not only in economic efficiency but also, in some cases, equity. The relatively anonymous nature of online transactions removed markers of race, gender and other factors that sometimes were used to discriminate against customers in conventional transactions.
It isn’t that discrimination can’t occur on platforms like eBay—it can and, when race is evident, it does. In one 2015 experiment published in the Rand Journal of Economics, Yale and Harvard professors Ian Ayres, Mahzarin Banaji and Christine Jolls sold 394 baseball cards on eBay, varying only the color of the hand holding the cards. The researchers found that baseball cards held by darker hands sold for about 20% less than equivalent cards held by lighter hands. Still, it’s relatively rare to see such markers of race on eBay because of the way it and many other sites were designed to function. Sellers often use account names such as “shop123,” and pictures of sellers are not the norm.
On Airbnb, however, hosts were allowed to reject guests based on little more than their name and picture. Airbnb viewed this as a simple way to build trust among guests but failed to take note of the potential harm. As an economist studying the design of markets and platforms, I concentrate on whether companies are creating ecosystems that are both efficient and inclusive. My collaborators Ben Edelman, Dan Svirsky and I set out to understand the implications of Airbnb’s design choices. In 2015 we conducted an audit study, building on an approach used to analyze labor markets and offline rental markets. We sent identical booking requests to thousands of hosts, varying only the user’s name—using some names that birth records show to be more common among Black Americans and other names that are more common among white Americans. We found that the BY MICHAEL LUCA Black “guests” were roughly 16% less likely to be accepted, and the discrimination was similar whether hosts had only a single listing or multiple ones.
In response to our research, Airbnb commissioned a task force and then gradually reintroduced anonymity at various steps in the process. Since 2018, hosts have been required to make a decision about whether to accept or reject a guest before seeing their picture. In Oregon, the site has been spurred to go further by a lawsuit from Airbnb customers there who alleged discrimination on the basis of their names. Since January, the names of Oregonbased guests are no longer disclosed before owners accept their bookings.
Anonymity has the potential to reduce discrimination more broadly, including in the hiring process. For example, software developed by a firm called Applied allows hiring managers to look at responses to structured questions without seeing the names of applicants. The goal is to help hiring managers focus more on substance and to remove the biases that might otherwise creep into their decisions.
A lack of anonymity can discourage honest discussion in online reviews and other contexts. A 2015 orking paper by business professors Chris Nosko and Steve Tadelis found that eBay shoppers whose identities were visible were reluc-tant to leave feedback reflecting a negative experience. Allowing ratings to be anonymous and shown only in aggregate can allow people to be more candid, especially for interactions in which buyers and sellers are working closely together.
Job boards like Blind allow people to post questions and to share nformation anonymously. It’s hard to imagine people candidly and publicly sharing their salaries and questions without the ability to remain anonymous. A growing body of behavioral economics research has shown that even though people say they want privacy, they can at times be nudged to volunteer information. But just because companies can get that result, it doesn’t mean they should
Of course, anonymity needs to be implemented thoughtfully and comes with its own risks; the same anonymity that can help to protect honest feedback might protect illegitimate feedback as well. My research with Giorgos Zervas, published in the journal Management Science in 2016, found evidence of businesses extensively engaging in fake reviews, enabled in part by the shield of anonymity. Work by econeven while exchanging views.
Still, some companies have realized that they missed the mark by underappreciating the value of anonymity. Reflecting on Airbnb’s struggles with discrimination, Mr. Chesky acknowledged as much at a 2016 tech conference, saying, “As a founder, I think we were late to this issue.” Companies need to be more thoughtful about when to have targeted anonymity and when to encourage more public interactions. Policy makers also need to take note of the unintended consequences of having too much information on the internet. And for users, it’s important to understand when and how we want to be present, and when we’d like to preserve our privacy
nonymity [ˌænəˈnɪməti] n. 匿名，匿名者 (anonymous adj.) fuel n. 燃料； v. 提供燃料；刺激，加剧 (Inflation was fueled by high prices.) (The latest news will only add fuel to the controversy/fire.)
1.
rap n. 名声(a negative and often undeserved reputation or charge, often used with bad)
for good reason 有充分理由
shield n. 盾牌；防护物 (A healthy lifestyle may act as a shield against preventable diseases.)
ecosystem 生态系统
(With a booming, young user base, TikTok has become a music-promotion ecosystem of extreme importance.)
mar v. 破坏，损坏 cyberbullying 网络暴力，网络霸凌
social ills 社会问题 (social problem/issue)
remove v. 移开；去除(eliminate)
(The new findings will help remove any doubt.)、
have the potential to 有可能会 (be likely to)
foster v. 促进，培养；领养 (encourage/cultivate/promote)
(Such conditions foster the spread of the disease.)
accountability n. 责任 (accountable adj. 负有责任的)
advocate v. 拥护，提倡； n. 拥护者，支持者 (opponent n. 反对者)
echo n. 回声； v. 回响；附和，重复
sentiment n. 观点，看法，情绪(a thought, opinion, or idea)
I don’t think she shares my sentiments.)
bring out 生产；使显示
(They’re bringing out an album next year.)
(A crisis can bring out the best and the worst in people.)
(Leadership: How to bring out the best in people)
2.
overlook v. 忽视；俯瞰
arm’s-length transaction 公平交易
ature n. 特质，特性(the type or main characteristic of sth)
discriminate v. 区别对待，歧视
conventional adj. 传统的 (traditional )
3.
vary v. 变化，差异
(Its effects vary greatly depending on the person and the circumstances.)
(vary from person to person/according to person/with each person)
equivalent adj.&n. 同等的（人或物）(having the same amount, value, purpose, qualities)
(She’s doing the equivalent job in the new company but for more money.)
norm n. 行为规范，社会准则(an accepted standard or a way of behaving or doing things that most people agree with)
(The critical question now is whether this can become the norm, rather than the exception.)
4.
reject v. 拒绝
take note of 注意到
inclusive adj. 包含的，包容的
collaborator n. 合作者 (collaborate v.)
set out 出发，开始
implication n. 含义；可能的结果
(From what she said, the implication was that they were splitting up.)
(What are the implications of the new law?)
audit n.&v. 审计，审核，查账
identical adj. 完全相同的，一模一样的
5.
commission v. 委任
task force 特遣部队，工作组
spur v. &n. 鼓励，激励(to encourage an activity or development or make it happen faster)
(stimulate)
lawsuit n. 诉讼案
allege v. 指控
disclose v. 公开，透露
6.
structure v. 计划，组织，安排(to plan, organize, or arrange the parts of sth)；
n. 结构
(a well-structured argument)
substance n. 物质，材料；主旨，主要内容(the most important part of what sb has said or written)
(The substance of their secret conversation appeared in a newspaper article.)
otherwise conj. & adv. 否则，不然的话=
(I’d better write it down, otherwise I’ll forget it.)=
(Under the Bill of Rights, a person is presumed innocent until proved otherwise.)
creep into 悄悄进入
(Doubts began to creep into my mind about the likely success of the project.)
7.
visible adj. 可见
rating n. 评级，等级，分级(a measurement of how good or popular sb or sth is)
(The president’s approval rating sank to an all-time low.)
aggregate n. & adj. 总数，合计
candid adj. 坦率的，直言不讳的
(The two presidents have had candid talks about the current crisis.)
8.
post v. 发表，公布
a body of 一片，大量
(There is a growing/huge/substantial body of evidence.)
nudge n. 肘部 v. 轻推；劝说，鼓励
9.
implement v. 执行，贯彻(to start using a plan or a system)
(Due to high costs, the program was never fully implemented.)
thoughtfully v. 沉思地；体贴地；经过深思熟虑地
(He gazed thoughtfully into the distance.) (The article is thoughtfully arranged.)
illegitimate [ˌɪləˈdʒɪtəmət] adj. 非法的，不合理的，私生的
(legitimate adj. 合法的，合理的
verification n. 核实，证明 (verify v.)
disconnected adj. 分离的，无关联的
10.
miss the mark 没打中目标，没达到目的(to fail to achieve the result that was intended)
(Her speech missed the mark and failed to generate the public support.)
underappreciate v. 低估
as much 也，同样
unintended adj. 意料之外的，意想不到的，非故意的
present v. 呈现； n. 礼物；目前； adj. 出席的，出现的
preserve v. 保护， 维持 (protect)
【外刊文章下载地址：链接: https://pan.baidu.com/s/1AtS__rT41Ry4aOfUJNdxag 提取码: 9md2】
以上文章版本转载自：外刊精读105 / Wallstreet Journal / 网络匿名 老师讲的非常棒，建议将文章打印出来对照多看看。